Incas vs Aztecs

Incas versus Aztecs Prior to Cortez arriving, there were numerous human advancements that held force in the Americas. These gatherings incorporated the Olmecs, Zapotecs, Mayans, Toltecs, Aztecs, and Incas. The two of these civic establishments that had probably the most enduring impacts were the Aztecs and the Incas. These two human advancements had numerous likenesses and contrasts. One of the significant contrasts between the two developments is their area. The Aztecs lived in Central Mexico while the Incas lived in the Andes Mountains. The area of the developments influenced a considerable lot of their traditions. The Incans preserved their dead by leaving them on a mountain bluff side where the breezes would dry the dampness out of their skin. At that point they would take the mummies to enormous occasions and heft them around. The Aztecs didn't preserve their dead or have any traditions like this. Since the Aztecs lived in Mexico which is a genuinely dry territory, they required an approach to inundate crops. They constructed chinampas which were skimming ranches that were constantly flooded by the waterway it was gliding in. The Incas utilized a type of horticulture called porch agribusiness were they would incorporate level layers with the slant of a mountain out of explicit materials so they could develop food on mountain sides. That was another procedure they framed as a result of where they lived. Another contrast between the two human advancements was the size. The Inca progress secured over half of the East shoreline of South America and had a populace of around 20 million individuals. The Aztec human advancement just controlled Central Mexico and just had a populace of 15 million individuals. Since the Inca progress was so enormous, they required an approach to get messages around. They built up an enormous informing framework with detachments called chasquis that utilized an approach to get messages around called quipu. The Aztecs didn't have anything like this. Inca was so huge in light of the fact that it vanquished numerous different human advancements that had their own dialects. This made it hard for certain individuals to see one another. That’s why they built up a bound together language considered Quechua that everybody needed to learn. The Aztec development was increasingly similar to the Persian Empire and permitted anyplace they vanquished to remain the equivalent and keep their language as long as they made good on their expenses and acknowledged that the Aztecs’ rule. Another distinction is the discipline that a town would get for defying the Incan or Aztec development. The Aztecs would go into the town and set it ablaze. They would take everybody inside and either murder them or subjugate them. The Incans would go into the town and migrate them. In Inca this is similarly as terrible as executing them in light of the fact that the human progress is in the mountains and it is exceptionally difficult to begin living in the mountains with nothing to begin with. In the event that they attempt to return to their town they as a rule need to cross numerous mountains which was additionally exceptionally troublesome. Something different that was various was the shipper class of the domains. While the two of them had great economies, the Incas didn't have a huge dealer class and the vendor class they had just exchanged locally. The Aztecs had a huge trader class that would take long excursions to far off grounds. The Inca government controlled all significant distance exchanging and they didn't permit the shippers to have a great deal of opportunity. Additionally, the Incas didn't have a money framework while the Aztecs utilized cocoa. The two human advancements additionally framed in an unexpected way. The Aztecs began from three huge urban communities framing a collusion and together they vanquished land and individuals to set up their incredible progress. The Incans began as a migrant family or faction that settled down and began an exchanging province. At that point an ever increasing number of individuals came and it in the long run transformed into a human progress. Those were the numerous contrasts between the Aztec and Inca human advancements. The Aztec and Incan civic establishments likewise had numerous similitudes. One of the significant similitudes was that the two of them prospered at about a similar time. The Aztecs thrived from 1300 A. D. to 1521 A. D. The Inca thrived from 1300 A. D. to 1533 A. D. Another similitude is that they were both governed by a ruler. They likewise both idea gold was significant. Incas utilized gold for everything since it was so normal in the mountains. Aztecs considered gold the perspiration of the sun and their sun god was their most impressive god so they more likely than not suspected gold was significant. They were likewise both monotheistic, revering numerous nature divine beings and goddesses. They likewise both idea their sun divine beings were significant. The Aztec sun god was named Huitzilopochtli and the Inca sun god was Inti. Inti was the most impressive god in Incan religion. It was believed that the individuals in the initially family that began the Inca development were offspring of Inti and they said every future ruler must be a relative of Inti. Huitzilopochtli in the Aztec religion was the god that probably advised the Mexica to discover a spot where they would see a bird sitting on a desert plant with a snake in its mouth and that was the place they were to settle. This spot was Lake Texcoco. Both of these divine beings were imperative to them. Another strict comparability was that the two of them perform conciliatory customs. They likewise had a similar style pyramids that had a wide square base that lead to a point at the top with steps going up the side. Those were the similitudes between the Aztec and Inca civic establishments. The Aztec and Inca civic establishments are still probably the most remarkable developments that have ever existed. They hugy affected the nations that exist there today. The Mexican banner is even based off an Aztec legend. They had numerous similitudes and contrasts which made them the developments that they were.

Silent Spring Essays - Biology, Natural Environment,

Quiet Spring Rachel Louise Carson (1907-64), was an American sea life scholar, and creator of broadly read books on biological subjects. Carson was conceived in Springdale, Pennsylvania, and taught at the previous Pennsylvania College for Women and Johns Hopkins University. Rachel Carson showed Zoology at the University of Maryland from 1931 to 1936. She was a sea-going scientist at the U.S. Authority of Fisheries and its replacement, the Fish and Wildlife Service, from 1936 to 1952. Rachel Carson composed 4 books including The Sea Around Us for which she was granted the 1952 National Book Award for genuine. Toward the finish of Rachel Carson's profession she composed Silent Spring, which scrutinized the utilization of Chemical Pesticides and was liable for exciting overall worry for the conservation of nature. Quiet Spring truly investigates the impacts of the bug sprays, weed executioners and other normal items just as the utilization of splashes in agribusiness. By presenting these fatal substances, we have harmed or lakes and streams, or wild and residential creatures, and even ourselves. The book centers around the significance of parity inside the earth. Rachel Carson composed... Where splashing devastates the creepy crawlies as well as their standard adversary, the flying creatures. At the point when later there is a resurgence in the creepy crawly populace, as quite often occurs, the flying creatures are not there to keep their numbers within proper limits. Carson analyzes the manner in which risky synthetic concoctions have been utilized without adequate research or respect for their latent capacity mischief to untamed life, water, soil, and people, making an underhanded chain of harming and demise. The over utilization of DDT, dieldrin and different pesticides in the long run harmed a whole universe of living things. Quiet Spring not just perceives the seriousness of the synthetic compounds utilization however perceives the impact of substance use on a network. It made a difference individuals to take a gander at the entire picture, to investigate the future rather than the now. Carson assists with changing along these lines of speculation by offering answers for the existing issues. She assists with indicating that nature will deal with nature. Numerous times the best arrangements are the presentation of different plants or creatures. For a large number of years man has been doing combating nature, when in the event that he made a stride back, he would see that on the off chance that he just worked with it his issues could be comprehended. Rachel Carson helped numerous individuals to see this perfect and is incompletely liable for beginning the ecological development that has gotten so clear in the present society. There are numerous individuals that don't bolster Rachel Carson's discoveries about DDT. These individuals challenge her examinations and state that the outcomes would have been more awful had the controls not been controlled. The immediate impact of DDT might be diverse on a wide range of creatures. What the individuals neglect to see that challenge her announcements are the synthetic bonds that are created with DDT and other synthetic substances. The hugeness of Rachel Carson's book was not the logical exactness yet rather the position it took on DDT. Why this book is so perceived has nothing to do with the real information, it has to do with mindfulness furthermore, the start of worldwide cognizance. Abruptly we are not only an animal varieties we are a planet. Carson helped us to understand that all that you do has a more noteworthy impact on something different. The contentions of human demise because of the prohibiting of DDT are not kidding ones, and should be tended to. Numerous pundits state that from multiple points of view Quiet Spring has caused more demise than it has forestalled. Not the slightest bit do I feel that, that was Rachel Carson's aim. This book is only a device for mindfulness and offers answers for explicit rural issues. The pundits of Carson are looking to this book, as a response to every single ecological inquiry rather than looking to it as a guide. I don't feel that in any capacity Rachel Carson composed this book hence. There are two issues in which I don't feel have been tended to appropriately. The first is the relationship with government and enormous business and the second the issue of human endurance from bug conceived maladies. There has been little notice about how the enactment would change the reasoning. This book was discharged in the mid 60's and just as of late have we been seeing changes with law and business practice. DDT was appeared in Rachel Carson's book to be the foundation of all shrewd. It neglected to show the great it had done furthermore, the lives that it had really spared.

Unlike any other.

Unlike any other. One of the things I love about the Boston area is that being a college student gets you all sorts of discounts at cultural institutions. By attending MIT, you can even get into events for free. Last weekend, I took advantage of a new opportunity that allows MIT students to visit the Isabella Stewart Gardner museum for free (you can also do the same at the nearby Museum of Fine Arts). On the outside it seems like its a normal, historic home in Boston. Only the signs really give it away as being a museum. The inside is magnificent, and the history is quite interesting. All of the objects and paintings in the museum are exactly as Ms. Gardner left them as stipulated in her will. This rule is followed to the extent that the empty frames of artwork that was stolen in a heist during the 1990s are still hanging. What I love the most is that stepping into the Gardner museum is like stepping back in time because nothing has changed. Also I really like that the Gardner is personal. It felt as if I was walking through someones home rather than walking inside of a museum. The rooms are decorated for experiencing and living, not simply for viewing under bright florescent lighting and against white walls. Furniture and adornments, along with juxtaposing sketches and painting, also give the rooms character. The first painting I approached was El Jaleo, by John Singer Sargent. Its impressive size and energy is captivating and irresistible. I had to resist taking photos though, because it is strictly against the rules of the museum. (Hence some of these photos are from websites, and not me ? ) El Jaleo by John Singer Sargent. (Photo Credit: Wikipedia) What this photo lacks is how the painting is displayed on the first floor of The Gardner. Its almost framed off from the rest of the room in an alcove that is ornately carved in stone. Its isolation makes it the focal point of the museums entrance. Next is the impossible-to-avoid the courtyard. Its fabulous, and glass enclosed; meaning flowers can bloom all year long. Photo Credit: Gardnermuseum.com Not only is the courtyard art in that all of the plants are as meticulously placed, but also because of the rare and ancient objects that fill it. In the center is a large Roman tile mosaic from around 115 AD of Medusa. I wish I could have actually stepped into the courtyard, but it is roped off from the public. Also, like the rest of the museum, absolutely no photography is allowed either. But, I can understand why photography is prohibited. If I had a mosaic from 115 AD I would want it preserved as much as possible! There is so much I could write about (I didnt even mention two other floors in the museum!) but I would rather make this post short and cut out some of the details. I strongly believe that art is an experience, and we should all go and experience it ourselves. Instead of gleaning details from my writing, go and check out Isabella Stewart Gardners final vision of her collection.

The Foundations of Human Development Essays - 799 Words

The Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment Janice Alleyne BSHS 325 May 13, 2013 Sandra Knepp The Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment Introduction) Human development is the biological, psychological, and social process that a human being must go through to reach full maturity. It defines who we are and how we interact with and view the environment around us. Understanding human development and how it affects an individual is an essential theme in human services. Understanding the bio-psycho-social dimensions of human development, having cultural competency, and comprehending the general systems theory and how it works are all important parts of being an effective human service†¦show more content†¦The job of human service professionals is to help a client reach their full potential of success within society, but in order to do that we must first understand the client. Differences race, nationality, language, religion, sexuality, and even those with disabilities all count as human diversity and are people who human service professionals will encounter every day. These differences can determine one’s identity and i nfluence how the view and interact with the social world. A human service professional who is prepared for these differences can meet a client at their level, communicate with them in a way they will understand, and provide for their needs accordingly. However, a human service professional who encounters these people without prior knowledge of their needs will be unable to help them at all. If a human service professional with no cultural competency attempted to help a client different from them, this could offend, prevent a client from seeking help, or ultimately even hurt the client further. Another result of cultural lack of understanding could be no progress at all. It is very important for the human service professional to understand diversity and have cultural competency in order to effectively help a client reach their full potential. Section III.) The Connection between the General Systems Theory and Social Order The general systems theory isShow MoreRelatedThe Foundations Of Human Development783 Words   |  4 Pagesthree foundations of human development. The foundations are the biological development, psychological development, and social development. The concept of human diversity and cultural competences demonstrates how different people can be. General systems theory and social order are connected in some way. There are several incidents or situations that can affect a person physically, mentally, socially, and emotionally. 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Historical foundations of curriculum are important as we oftenRead MoreEarly Childhood Development : Child Welfare1640 Words   |  7 Pages Early Childhood Development Rossy Sical SWK 346 Child Welfare Professor Carew February 3, 2015 Early Childhood Development Early childhood development is a fundamental key to a full and productive life. This stage of development is not only important because of its rapid development but also because it is the foundation of children’s future cognitive, behavioral and emotional well-being. Children during this stage require love and physical and verbal stimulationRead MoreThe Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) Position Specific Education1595 Words   |  7 Pageson a human resource management (HRM) position specific education and requirements need to be meet. A bachelor’s degree is the education needed to obtain a job for this occupation. Most bachelor programs for human resource management take four years to complete (Human Resources Management Degree, 2003). With a bachelor’s degree it will give the tools that are expected to enter a variety of business settings (7 Essential Questions, 2015). A bachelor of arts or a bachelor of science in human resourceRead MoreThe Similarities Of A dult Education ( Ae ) And Human Resource Development819 Words   |  4 Pages The similarities of Adult Education (AE) and Human Resource Development (HRD) out weigh the differences. Both AE and HRD seek learning that advances the ability of individuals to improve and progress, which is the main objective of both. The fact that both seek to advance the abilities of individuals through learning there is no doubt in my mind that AE can provide a foundation. An important foundation that HRD can take from AE is the control it provides a learner over his or her own self-determinationRead MoreThe Woodson Foundation and Its Problems with Low Student Performance 790 Words   |  4 Pages The Woodson Foundation, which is a nonprofit organization, after months of negotiation will be developing a new agency with the National Coalition for Parental Involvement in Education (NCPIE) that will help improve the organization. The main improvements mainly are focused on the teachers. The teacher employee turnover rate is high and they are losing their enthusiasm for helping the students. Low student performance and crime are also areas that need to be improved amongst the school system. Read MoreEssay on Bshs 325 Entire Course Week 1-5 ( a Graded )1547 Words   |  7 Pagesthat damage her child be punished as a criminal? Explain your reasoning with references to support your thoughts and ideas. (2) How does general systems theory influence human services delivery? BSHS 325 Week 1 Assignment Foundation of Human Development Paper BSHS 325 Week 1 Assignment Foundation of Human Development Worksheet BSHS 325 Week 2 Course Description] (1) What are the social constructs associated with early and late pubertal maturation on boys and girls? How can they affect

An Advertisement On The Food / Drink Industry - 958 Words

Today companies are very dependent on people getting their products shown. No matter where we are, we will always see some form of an advertisement, whether it be a commercial, billboard, or anything else that a company uses to broadcast their product. Every company does it or else they won t have their product/business noticed by the public. On an average, American s are shown to be susceptible anywhere from 250 to 3000 advertisements per day.One of the most dominant advertising strategies used today is the use of false advertisements. False advertising is being used every day to give the user a point of excitement towards anything. Companies will put anything in the ads just to draw people towards their products. One of the most dominant industry that does it is the food/ drink industry. These industries use everything possible to get consumer to purchase their goods and the consumers don t see what s wrong with what they are doing. For example, beer companies want their consumers to feel a certain way when they drink their beer, knowing that’s not how they are going to feel. They just make you think that you are going to feel a certain way just so you can buy their beer. Even though companies associate their products with feelings not associated with what they tell consumers, beer companies should be fined for their false advertisings because more often you are not going to feel how the ads say you will. Ever since people have been selling goods and services, theyShow MoreRelatedEssay about Media, Sports, Athletes, and the Health of Children948 Words   |  4 PagesImage is nothing, thirst is everything. This is a slogan used by the soft drink Sprite. It tells a consumer not to buy a product because of the labeling, packaging, or the way it is presented, but to instead buy it because it tastes good. This seems to be an honest and open statement, not what you would expect to hear in an advertisement. Ironically though, just before this slogan flashes on the screen, Kobe Bryant and Grant Hill, two of the NBAs rising starts, are shown talking about howRead MoreThe Soda Industry And Its Effect On Public Health1349 Words   |  6 Pagesis faced with the challenge of responding to unfavorable results. For example, sodas were originally marketed to the public as health drinks, appropriate for the smallest baby. As a result of recent scientific research, the public has instead come to view the soda industry as one of the key players in the obesity epidemic facing western society. How has the industry responded when faced with increasing evidence that their product does the exact opposite of its original claims? To answer this questionRead MoreA Report On The Food Marketing Environment959 Words   |  4 Pagesexist in the Food Marketing Environment. Food industries only aim on their own profits, but not care about people’s healthy condition. We can see diabetes and heart disease occurs more frequently on teenagers because diets of high in junk food and beverage. Government puts million dollars on medical care each year. There are also a lot of communities are devoted to encourage people to eat healthy food. But these efforts compared with the hundreds of millions of dollars puts on food industry are notRead MoreEnergy Drinks And The Energy Drink Industry1407 Words   |  6 PagesEnergy drinks have outperformed the growth in carbonates in the last few years, and present a substantial opportunity for beverage manufacturers to extract further growth from their sales. There are many driving forces of change and critical success factors in the energy drink industry. Companies such as Coke Cola and Pepsi contend with criticism from health officials due to the excessive caffeine in most high-energy drinks. 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Implementation Failures Free Essays

Misti Whitehead HCS/483 Week 4 IT Project Implementation Failures Jason Koller January 7, 2013 Similarities As I circle the date on my calendar of May 26, I am reminded of what needs to be done to prepare for my son’s 5th birthday party. I go over the theme of the party and figure out what activities will be played. I think about who will be invited and how many gift bags I will make. We will write a custom essay sample on Implementation Failures or any similar topic only for you Order Now I also pick the location of the party and figure out how much money I will spend on this special occasion, even though I usually spend more than what I’m budgeting for. I plan out what foods will be served and where I will be getting the birthday cake from. I brainstorm on if I will have it outside or inside and determine issues that may arise on that certain day. I communicate with my parents to see if they will blow the balloons up before the party and help us with set up of the party decorations. Like party planning the implementation process for health care IT systems take a great deal of preparing, brainstorming, planning, budgeting, and communication to successfully implement new IT systems in a health care organization. Implementation Process The implementation process is essential when adopting a new IT system into your health care organization. â€Å"Selecting the right system does not ensure user acceptance and success; the system must also be incorporated effectively into the day-to-day operations of the health care organization and adequately supported or maintained† (Wager, Lee, Glaser, 2009, â€Å"Implementation Process†). Activities of implementing the new system includes organizing a team and identifying a system champion that is in charge of determining expectations and scope of the project and figures out a project plan. The team plans what task need to be completed, how much money should be spent on this project, how to manage the project until completion. The system champion needs to understand and recognize the needs of the organization and have a passion for the new system being implemented. They should be someone who is easy to get along with and have great communication skills. They should also be a good listener and critical thinker when issues arise. Determining the scope of the project is super important and it lays out why the system is needed and how it will change the organization. Once the goals of the project are agreed on the next step of the project is to plan. Project planning includes listing tasks, estimating how much time will be spent on tasks, the sequence and coordination of tasks, and who will be performing these tasks. Evaluating the completion and success of the project has to be arranged to ensure accuracy on the project. The next step is to brainstorm on how to integrate the new system into the organization, through workflow process analysis. Making sure everyone is on the same page is essential when collaborating. Communication between groups and projects is a part of that collaboration to ensure success. Changes and setbacks need to be communicated through different groups so that everyone is aware of what concerns and issues need to be addressed. Identifying the reason for the new system is extremely important to improve workflow in your organization. Installation of hardware, software, and networks is the next step along with creating a manual for all staff to review so they have support when they cannot figure out how to work the new system. Testing the system for bugs and effectiveness is another essential process of implementation. Training staff is next and helps to ensure their understanding and of the new IT system. Training allows the trainer to â€Å"introduce fundamental or basic concepts† (Wager, Lee, Glaser, 2009, â€Å"System Implementation Support†) needed to operate the new system. Failed Fundamental Activities There are high rates of implementation processes fail due to not following through, evaluating, communication, or planning. This case study that I reviewed failed to organize, evaluate, determine expectations, or establish a plan for the implementation process. They lacked organization and lacked the responsibility of taking on the project. Expectations for each task were not defined and time boundaries were not evaluated after being set. The indicators that I noticed for failure of the process were organization was not ready to implement a new system, there was too much conflict within the rganization, there were unclear and unorganized projects, no one was evaluating these tasks, and concerns and issues were dismissed when brought up. If this were my organization I would have defined tasks, set deadlines, had someone evaluating success of each task, and addressed all issues in a timely manner in order to complete the implementation of the new IT system and ensure it was under budget. References Wager, K. A. , Lee, F. W. , Glaser, J. P. (2009). Healthcare information systems: A practical approach for he alth care management (2nd ed. ). Retrieved from www. phoenix. com. How to cite Implementation Failures, Essay examples

Supply Chain Operation of the Apple Inc-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: The Physical Logistic Network and supporting system are of equal importance to firm supplying goods to international market. Discuss this statement critically drawing on appropriate literature and a detailed example of a product supply chain. Answers: Introduction: In general, logistics can be defined as a place utility which is done to move a product from one place to another. This is one of the integral aspects of the entire supply chain operations. A logistics is mean to transport goods which the seller or the buyer uses it to their purpose. It serves the needs of a manufacturer that receives the required raw materials from the selected suppliers. The product reaches the distribution center and then to the market by means of the transport or the logistics only (Ascencio et al. 2014). Logistics operation does have a very well impact on the total cost of production. It also affects the firms reputation also (Ascencio et al. 2014). If the logistics operation is cost-effective then the entire cost of production will also be minimized. On the other hand, if a firm has a good control on its logistics such as it can track the operation or manage a timely delivery of the products or the services, it will definitely have an edge on its competitors. T his is due to a fact that logistics operation has become a complex issue to many reputed firms in the countries across the globe (Ascencio et al. 2014). The main purpose of this assignment is to analyze the logistics operation in the light of few selected journal or if required the book articles in the literature review section. Literature review: Islam et al. (2013, p.3) have found the origination of logistics from the ancient Greek word logos which means the word, the ratio, the reason, the calculation, the speech and the oration. According to the authors Islam et al. (2013, p.3), the term logistics since then is in the practice for a much longer time than its present-day concept. The term logistics have further been explained in this article as the follows: Logistics= supply of raw materials to the manufacturers + management of materials in the distribution center + sending the goods to the customer ends; The logistics operation at the global level as according to the authors Islam et al. (2013, p.3) is indeed a very complex operation which involves the reception of a single product with a different logistic operation as well. This can well be understood from the example of Tesco that receives thousands of items from the different parts of the world and for each single item; it has to follow a very different logistic operation. The logistics manager in such cases needs to have a very diverse knowledge of the logistics operation in the different parts of the world. The author's dos Santos and Marins (2015, pp.575-585) have further added another dimension in the concept of logistics operation by focusing on the reverse logistics management. Reverse logistics as opined by the author's dos Santos and Marins (2015, pp.575-585) can be defined as a process which is used to enhance the customer loyalty for a firm by receiving the rejected or canceled or the defective goods. This is also a very good mean of avoiding any wastage of such goods. Moreover, it also delivers a very effective organizational image of the firm. In addition to the above-mentioned facts, the author's dos Santos and Marins (2015, p.579) have further added another dimension to the logistics operation by stating the importance of ICT implementation in the operation. According to the authors, dos Santos and Marins (2015, p.579) can generate several benefits in terms of affecting individuals, transformation efficiency, functional units and the organization as a whole unit. In the light of the above-stated facts, this can be said that it is now very important to implement the ICT in the logistics operation to attain a much better and a competitive logistics. Moreover, this is also necessary to attain a competitive advantage where many companies have struggled in the past and are still struggling to attain a robust logistics operation which is both cost-effective and highly-effective as well. The importance of ICT and the different other strategies in the logistics and the supply chain operation can well be understood from the way Apple delivers its operation. The company has shown a very distinguished strategy in regards to the logistics and the supply chain operation. Apple does purchase the different materials from the various suppliers; however, it is then shipped to the assembling plant in China. In addition to this, the manufactured goods are not brought to the distribution center; indeed, these are transferred to customers directly from China by means of UPS/FedEx. However, customers make the purchase from the Apples Online Store (Liang 2016). The above-mentioned facts on the Apples supply chain operation do produce some very important facts. The company is able to save in its manufacturing process as the process is conducted in the Chinese firms where the manufacturing costs are much more cheaper which is due to many facts like the low labor cost. Additionally, they are also able to save on the distribution center which they facilitate directly through the Chinese firms. It does not only save on the logistics operation but also on the cost of the distribution center (Khan, Alam and Alam 2015). Moreover, the CEO of the company was able to reduce the number of suppliers which has helped the company to reduce its dependency on the suppliers and let the suppliers compete to each other for supplying both the quality and the cheaper materials (Liang 2016). Conclusion: To conclude, this can be said that logistics operation is a vast task which is not only confined to the transport of goods to the customers but it is also responsible for the reverse transport of good from the customer ends. Reverse transport happens when a customer rejects a product or if there is any fault with the product or some other reasons. Logistics, as understood from the study conducted in this paper, is a part of the whole supply chain operation; however, it really matters in regards to reducing the overall cost of supply chain operation and the cost of production. References: Ascencio, L.M., Gonzlez-Ramrez, R.G., Bearzotti, L.A., Smith, N.R. and Camacho-Vallejo, J.F., (2014). A collaborative supply chain management system for a maritime port logistics chain.Journal of applied research and technology,12(3), pp.444-458. dos Santos, R.F. and Marins, F.A.S., 2015. Integrated model for reverse logistics management of electronic products and components.Procedia Computer Science,55, pp.575-585. Grant, D.B., (2012).Logistics management. Pearson Higher Ed. Islam, D.M.Z., Meier, J.F., Aditjandra, P.T., Zunder, T.H. and Pace, G., (2013). Logistics and supply chain management.Research in Transportation Economics,41(1), pp.3-16. Khan, U.A., Alam, M.N. and Alam, S., 2015. A critical analysis of internal and external environment of Apple Inc.International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management,3(6), pp.955-961. Liang, G., 2016. The FoxApple Partnership in the Global Value Chain: How Did Foreign Direct Investment and Contract Manufacturing Reshape the Landscape of the Electronics Industry?. InUncovering value added in trade: New approaches to analyzing global value chains(pp. 141-166).

Health Issues Designing Senior Environments

The needs of seniors are critical as provided by Philadelphia Corporation for Aging (PCA). This is because environment affects people’s behaviours, health, feelings and productivity. Designing senior environments process should consider human-environmental interactions. As such, it involves maintenance, protection and restoration of environments to promote proper behaviours and good health.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Health Issues: Designing Senior Environments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the environment should suit a diverse range of seniors such as those with Alzheimer’s and physical disabilities (Boyer 58). Based on Philadelphia reports, it is essential to consider facilities that can address the rising needs of seniors in the society. Therefore, the facilities should offer seniors an ideal environment to live through enhancement of health and well-being. Seniors have diffe rent needs in urban areas like Philadelphia. Initially, it is necessary to understand that seniors’ requirements are unique. In this case, seniors should have access to specific desires and spaces for social interactions. This implies that the environment should promote a sense of social relations between seniors and caregivers. Throuwgh this effort, seniors enjoy the convenience of a comfortable environment. Furthermore, the specifications of residential units are vital in maintaining safety of the seniors. Meanwhile, seniors desire to live in a serene environment. In this regard, seniors desire accessibility to natural daylight, attractive aesthetic colours, minimal noises and rough-textured floors. Such factors will enhance safety of the seniors, which boosts their health conditions (Cekic 63). It is important to improve the level of seniors’ privacy and dignity within the facility. The facility should offer residents their own rooms. In addition, the rooms should b e installed with sinks, tubs, toilets and showers. On the other hand, spa-facilities should be included if they are feasible. This makes the facility Spartan, which serves the needs of the residents. Moreover, the residents feel a sense of privacy because of reduction in crowding. This is caused by the minimal interference of one’s activities. At the same time, this simulates the nature of privacy witnessed in homes.Advertising Looking for essay on aging? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Seniors desire homelike settings in the facilities. This involves provision of facilities that are smaller but contain all the essential necessities. Unlike the traditional nursing homes with immense utilities, the facility should mimic the normal home setup. This is because seniors despise living in secluded institutions. Furthermore, the facility should not have large common dining rooms and living rooms. This implies that residents sh ould relate in the facility as neighbours compared to admitted patients. As a result, the facility in the urban area will consider economies of scale while offering homelike conditions (Boyer 152). It is vital to introduce cordial design concepts amongst seniors. This creates a feeling of being at home rather than an institution. The facility that hosts seniors should be attractive and conducive. It is essential to utilize creativity to provide a healthy and conducive environment. This involves the physical appearance of walls, floors and other utilities. In addition, the number of utilities within the facility influences the behaviour and health of seniors. Most seniors prefer additional dining rooms, spacious resting utilities, and safe floors (Cekic 96). In addition, the furniture within the facility should be convenient for use by all residents. The services offered within the facility should be diverse. In this case, seniors will have the flexibility to choose. Some of the elem ents within a facility that determines the level of care include the number of expertise available, programs used and other benefits directed to seniors. Additionally, the process of offering rentals and skilled care should incorporate technology because technology increases the flexibility of seniors to make choices. Moreover, there are technological facilities that can be used to monitor and provide basic services to seniors. This will promote the lifespan of residents since it reduces the level of restrictions. As the seniors get older, they desire to be offered nursing needs. In this regard, the facility should provide skilled care and nursing to both retirees and old-aged. This implies that the facility should provide adequate care for healthy and feeble seniors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Health Issues: Designing Senior Environments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through this process, the feeble sen iors will not feel discarded once they are too old. Since they will not be discharged, they will get motivated to live without interference caused by change in environment. This is a security for their long-term care (Cooper and Barnes 96). Since the facility is to be developed around the park in Philadelphia, it implies that seniors will be able to continue with their normal lives because they can still contribute to the economic activities within their residence. In addition, it will prompt more seniors to move to the facility because they cannot drop their normal lives. Therefore, living in the facility will just be a change of lifestyle rather than a store where the old-aged are dumped. This will encourage them to participate in cultural activities, sports and social responsibilities. Consequently, it will boost their health and fitness making them active over a long period. The location of the facility within Philadelphia implies that seniors will be able to continue with their urban lifestyles. This will boost accessibility to social amenities. Since the urban area is densely populated, it implies that seniors will not feel secluded. As a result, they can live longer and feel comfortable in the facility (Cooper and Barnes 196). This will also add value because their relations can visit them conveniently. The senior’s environment should incorporate issues of sustainability. This implies that the facility should be environmental-friendly. Therefore, green design concepts should be incorporated in maintaining the seniors’ facility. Such concepts include energy and water conservation, efficient lighting, day lighting and gardens. In addition, the facility should be able to accommodate multiple utilities that address human needs. This implies that the facility should be spacious where meetings and conference can be organized. As such, the facility becomes reusable even if the venture becomes infeasible (FitzSimons et al. 148). The nature of spac ing in the organization and apartment layout contributes significantly to the lives of the seniors. Considering that seniors are feeble in the society and demand extra attention, a spacious facility will be important. In this regard, they will have maximum freedom to engage in any event.Advertising Looking for essay on aging? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This will promote their mental and physical strength. As such, it will minimise crowding. Through this act, they will have a quiet and conducive environment. As a result, they will interact with their counterparts and challenge one another. All these vital elements of the facility will influence positively their health and welfare. The specifications of the seniors differ considerably with those of the population as a whole caused by the difference in the physical strengths and health of individuals. In most cases, seniors are made up of retirees and the old-aged. Therefore, they do not have adequate strength to engage in active exercises. In addition, most seniors have health issues that have to be handled considerably. In this case, they have to be provided with special treatment, which widens their lifespan. As such, many issues have to be considered when offering services at their new homes. These new homes should offer essential facilities that consider their needs. An environm ent where the seniors’ facility is located is different from where other populations can reside. The seniors already had their active life during the early period, and for that reason, they demand a serene environment with minimal disturbances. This nature of the environment should be quiet, friendly and spacious. Through such a system, they can interact, relax and participate in physical fitness exercises. All these factors contribute to longer lifespan and health of the seniors. The urban parks will contribute significantly to the lives of the seniors. Initially, the parks will serve as a relaxing point. In this case, they can interact with one another. Through this act, they will encourage and support one another. At the same time, they will not engage in strenuous activities as to affect their health. When the weather is favourable, parks offer an ideal environment to undertake physical exercises. These exercises will boost the conditions of their health. Notably, parks h ave a green environment that offers fresh air and room for other activities. In this case, they will be out of trouble caused by air pollutions when relaxing (FitzSimons et al. 157). Parks also offer additional area to visit during times of indoor boredom. In this case, seniors will feel comfortable due to the variety of places they can visit because the parks will offer additional homelike settings. Through this process, the individuals will improve the status of their health conditions. Similarly, spacious environment within the parks gives them a chance to participate in teamwork. In such incidence, they offer one another motivation through life experience. As a result, they will live longer while their welfare is catered. Another critical element about parks is the interaction that seniors have with other population members. Since the facility is going to be established close to a park, it implies that seniors will have a close relationship with other members of the society. In this regard, parks always group people from all works of life. In addition, it offers people the right to undertake their own activities. Through this act, the seniors will feel as part of the society. This will be enhanced by the frequent interactions they will have with other people. Moreover, they will be able to contribute back to the community through sharing experience of their childhood and early adulthood. In this case, they will be kept active and healthy for long (Gilster and Margarette 52). The assistance received from the neighbours at park plays a crucial role towards the lives of the seniors. When seniors are at the parks, they will interact with people from other age groups. In this scenario, they will be assisted on issues they do not understand. In addition, they can be provided with the necessary support and skilled care from third parties. This process will reduce the boredom caused by monotony within the residential. Consequently, their lives will be the centre o f everyone when they are aging. This will boost their level of significance in the society. Works Cited Boyer, M Christine. The City of Collective Memory. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1994. Print. Cekic, Milosav. â€Å"Why I Designed Cancer Parks.† Landscape Architecture 93.5 (2003): 62-100. Print. Cooper , Marcus, and Barnes Marni. Gardens in Healthcare Facilities: Uses, Therapeutic Benefits, and Design Recommendations. Martinez, CA: The Center for Health Design, 1995. Print. FitzSimons, J., S Barnhart, and N Perkins. â€Å"Behavioural and Setting Preferences at a Psychiatric Hospital.† Landscape and Urban Planning 42.3 (1998): 147-157. Print. Gilster, Susan D., and Margarette E Beckwith. â€Å"The Paradise Garden: A Model for Designing for Those with Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease.† Journal of Therapeutic Horticulture, 8.1 (1997): 45-52. Print. This essay on Health Issues: Designing Senior Environments was written and submitted by user Jocelyn King to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Quotes From A Time to Kill

Quotes From 'A Time to Kill' Set in Mississippi, A Time to Kill is a heartrending story of a father who fights for justice after his 10-year-old daughter is brutally assaulted. The father, Carl Lee Hailey, is accused of killing the men who attacked his daughter. Jake Tyler Brigance is the young white lawyer assigned to represent him. In these quotes from A Time to Kill, you feel the sorrow of a father who does not give up his fight for justice. Gain insight into what it means to be a father in a racist society with these quotes. Carl Lee Hailey America is a wall and you are on the other side. Hows a black man ever going to get a fair trial with the enemy on the bench and in the jury box? My life in white hands?Nigger, Negro, black, African-American, no matter how you see me, you see me different, you see me like that jury sees me... you are them.If you was on that jury, what would it take to convince you to set me free? Thats how you save my ass. Thats how you save us both.The fact is you are just like all the rest of them. When you look at me, you dont see a man, you see a black man.We are on different sides of the line ... I aint never seen you in my part of town. I bet you dont even know where I live. Our daughters, Jake, they aint never gonna play together.Yes, they deserved to die. I hope they burn in hell.You Jake, thats how. You are my secret weapon because you are one of the bad guys. You dont mean to be but you are. Its how you was raised. Jake Tyler Brigance What is it in us that seeks the truth? Is it our minds or is it our hearts?And until we can see each other as equals, justice is never going to be even-handed. It will remain nothing more than a reflection of our own prejudices.Can you see her? Her raped, beaten, broken body soaked in their urine, soaked in their semen, soaked in her blood, left to die. Can you see her? I want you to picture that little girl. Now imagine shes white.I just thought our kids could play together.If this is a party, boys, wheres the chips and beef? Otherwise, your being here seems a bit like illegal client solicitation, what with Carl Lee already having a lawyer and all.Its not me, were not the same, Carl Lee. The jury has to identify with the defendant. They see you, they see a yard worker; they see me, they see an attorney. I live in town; you live in the hill.

Women behave ambitiously and aggressive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Women behave ambitiously and aggressive - Essay Example On the same note, Sandberg’s personal experience shows that women are equally competitive as their male counterparts (5). In this respect, women should capitalize on their ambitions and aggressive workplace behavior in ensuring that they run the world alongside men. Women are not viewed positively in the workplace because they have given in to the stereotype threats where they believe that they cannot be on equal levels with the men balancing family and work responsibilities and hence end up giving up. This is further reinforced by the fact that women who are ambitious to be leaders are discouraged, shamed and even called unfriendly names. All this contribute to crashing their ambitious dreams and they resign to working at the lower levels in any workplace and letting he men take the lead. Even though ambitious women are not viewed positively in every work environment, it is important for women not to give up. Fight for affirmative action and promotion of women rights has been vibrant over the last several decades, an observation that occasions women to remain positive over their ambitions (Fels 120). In today’s society, there are many women CEOs than ever recorded in history. In addition, Shafer (72) contends that women have increasingly taken up political leadership positions around the world. This shows that being ambitious and aggressive is positive, and women should allow the world to transition to this contemporary reality. If women perceive their ambitions to be positive, the global population will follow the same

Business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Business plan - Essay Example The business in question has narrowed down the cultural context of its target audience, the focus is more defined and the growth span may be shorter. The company will utilize the increased number of public relation practitioners that are young, eager, and unemployed to come up with innovative techniques for market outreach. We will also incorporate affordable modern dà ©cor in the accommodation premises to better fit the primary demographic that we target. The main challenges are high capital costs and marketing costs because the target population is sparsely located. However, the greater challenge is ensuring that the brand is recognized in order to establish goodwill. The challenge will be tackled by ensuring that with each client’s optimum satisfaction is met and that we work directly with the university administration to ensure there is optimum faith with existing and potential clients.Target MarketStatistics have illustrated that in the last year, the number of internati onal students in the U.S.A. has risen to 886,054 (Pinson, 2005). Of this statistic, the larger percentage is of Asian descent. This gives the company a bearing of the type of accommodation that most clients are looking for because notably, Asian preference in lifestyle choices inclines with their culture. The services include provision of airport pick up to their destinations, commuting services to new clients for a certain period and assistance with opening a new bank account as well as SIM cards.  

An Analysis of Data On Rape Crimes

An Analysis of Data On Rape Crimes Introduction I will comment on the value of data and highlight advantages and disadvantages of this data and finally and come up with appropriate business actions that could be taken and enable Russex constabulary to help prioritise their work. Methods of data collection Official statistics are those published by the central Government. This source of statistical information informs the general public about the extent of notifiable offences. Official statistics are easy and cheap to access as you can observe them on the Home Office web page. The second source of statistical information comes from the British Crime Survey (BCS). These statistics are unofficial and the procedures used to gather information are completely different to the first, as the statistical data comes from surveys carried out by the public themselves. The statistics given are based on a large representative sample of the general public about their experiences as victims of household and personal crime. The BCS endeavours to provide a count of crime that consists of episodes not reported to the police, therefore examining the dark figure of crime which is not recorded in official statistics. The British Crime Survey (BCS) is a large random survey of private households, designed to give a count of crime that includes incidents not reported to the police, or those reported to them but not recorded. The main BCS interview takes place face-to-face, with no gender matching of interviewer and respondent. This context is not conducive to accurately measuring levels of highly personal victimisation. Estimates of the level of sexual victimisation obtained by the main BCS are acknowledged to be underestimates Consequently, the survey now makes use of Computer Assisted Self-Interviewing (CASI), whereby respondents keyed their responses into a laptop computer themselves. This method provides respondents with an increased sense of confidentiality and minimises interviewer effects. Respondents who answered the self-completion modules were routed through a series of three screener questions, designed to identify whether or not they had been a victim of a sexual offence. If they responded positively to one or more of these, they then answered a series of follow-up questions, designed to elicit the exact nature of the last incident experienced. Data as a management tool Data collection is practical because you cannot manage what you do not measure. Statistics from data enables a police department to make smart judgments and assists them in possibly identifying department and procedural problems. Data collection is also a great gesture to the community, showing law enforcement has the willingness to take an inward look to prevent discrimination. It also displays a true commitment by law enforcement to address community concerns and needs. Data collection gives everyone something to work with even though it might be just a partial solution. With mandatory data collection, officers will be forced to think about what happens during an encounter and what they do and say and possibly what parts should be looked at closer. Data collection provide a basis for important policy changes. Statistical techniques Line Graph A line graph is most useful in displaying data or information that changes continuously over time. The example below shows the Rape of a female from 1993-2005/06 Some of the strengths of line graphs are that: They are good at showing specific values of data, meaning that given one variable the other can easily be determined. They show trends in data clearly, meaning that they visibly show how one variable is affected by the other as it increases or decreases. They enable the viewer to make predictions about the results of data not yet recorded. Unfortunately, it is possible to alter the way a line graph appears to make data look a certain way. This is done by either not using consistent scales on the axes, meaning that the value in between each point along the axis may not be the same, or when comparing two graphs using different scales for each. It is important that we all be aware of how graphs can be made to look a certain way, when that might not be the way the data really is. Rape of a female Long-term national recorded crime trend he rate of rapes on females during this period has dramatically increased (see above). Leah Williams from the Womens Resource Centre stated that there were 1,842 rapes reported in 1985, compared to 14,449 in 2005. There may be a good explanation for this trend. Research by feminist scholars Hanmer and Saunders (1984) cited in Goodey (2005) found that everyday reality of womens encounters of violence by men were not revealed in the BCS because the BCS is not designed to reveal such information. Therefore the number of rapes on females may not have increased during this period, but the number of reports to the police has increased. This suggests that rapes which may have occurred prior 1995 are only being reported to the police in the last decade. This may be due to the social construction of the police changing. There are more female officers now than previously which makes rape victims more willing to talk to female officers than male officers. Society has also changed in order to pr ovide more victim support for rape victims by establishing rape centres for victims. However, Hough (2004) stated in the Guardian newspaper that the BCS shows that the major types of crime have fallen dramatically since 1995, however, recorded crime has increased. This increase is due to the change in the way in which police count crime. In 1998 it was decided that victim reports of crimes will be recorded even if they are doubted. This may be an alternative reason to why there is an increase in rape crimes, as rape is hard to record without sufficient evidence. Reservations over data How accurate are the estimates? Unreported rape may feel that the government cannot do anything about it There are several reasons why the BCS self-completion modules are likely to underestimate the true level of sexual victimisation in England and Wales for women à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ general survey errors associated with response, sampling and coverage in particular, the BCS does cover institutions, the homeless or women under the age of 16, which excludes some high risk women à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the crime context of the BCS may lead to some women not reporting incidents they do not view as criminal, particularly where the perpetrator is known à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the screener question format will exclude women who do not identify with the particular terminology used in the questions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the BCS interview is not always conducted in private and the presence of other people in the room may inhibit disclosure, especially if this includes the perpetrator of an attack. Conclusion actions and recommendations Sexual offence statistics could be improved by enhanced police procedures, and by having better facilities to encourage a greater willingness of victims to come forward. The sexual crime reduction team are committed to tackling sexual offences and to providing the right support for victims. Better facilities have been introduced through the introduction of 13 sexual assault referral centre across the country. The Government want to make these multi agency services for victims available on a national basis, along with a rape help line. Low reporting rates to the police particularly occur in the area of rape, where the respondent might find it embarrassing or difficult to talk about the attack. However, this problem is trying to be countered out. Computer assisted self-interview forms have been introduced for issues such as sexual attacks. Even so much of this area of offences is still missed as victims might want to stay in denial, and keep the fact that they have been a victim of a sexual assault within their sub-conscious, due to finding it to painful to think about. Further specialist training for sexual offence cases should be undertaken by officers. As a result of these services, victims should feel more confident from the outset that their case is treated with professionalism and empathy. In turn, it will improve theirs and others confidence in the criminal justice system. Ultimately, this enhanced approach should lead to more reporting, recording and subsequently more realistic statistics. Offer tips for rape prevention. Wider use of rape clinics, and awareness of these.

Gmos and Organic Food Essay

Why spend more money on organic food? Why are GMO products lasting longer? These are commonly asked questions which will be explained. By the definition of GMO products, they encompass alimentary products grown from seeds that have been genetically altered. Organic products are those that are grown under the traditional way, without any intervention of Bio-engineering, and also without the usage of chemicals, known as pesticides. The Author, Michael Pollan in both, â€Å"Omnivore’s Dilemma† and â€Å"In Defense of Food† makes an extensive and detailed analyzation of the production of food now days. The big corporations (farms) are now known as manufacturing factories; where practically all the elements of their production process are strictly controlled. This highly technological system reduces the nutritional value of their products and in many cases their flavor as well, but it guarantees high volumes and longer shelf life of the products. An example of a food that would be known as a GMO would be tomatoes, which would be less healthy and again it wouldn’t taste the same as an organic one. Organic products are grown by small farmers according to old farming techniques. These products do not need the addition of micronutrients like GMOs; they maintain all the nutritional values and the original taste. Unfortunately, small farmers can not satisfy the demand that the market needs, let alone, the prices are higher. For example, if you were to sell organic tomatoes, you would have to need to sell them locally. If a company such as organic valley were to be ship organic products from California to New York, with them having shorter expiration date, they would end up going bad. It would be hard for everyone to have the budget to buy and eat organic food; even expensive restaurants don’t use organic food. So, what is better? Feeding a large growing population with GMO products; or to go back to square one, and run the risk of not having enough supply and have the prices skyrocket. At the end of the day, people will eat more GMO food for not everyone has money to buy organic food.

Artificial Heart Research: an Historical Perspective

Artificial Heart Research: An Historical Perspective (Rayan R. Joshi Third-year paper Food and Drug Law Advisor: Peter Barton Hutt) Good reasons for artificial hearts: * There are not enough heart donors (â€Å"Each year, about 30,000patients are deemed eligible candidates for heart transplantation. However, only a small fraction of this group, numbering about 2000, actually winds up receiving donor hearts. Given the current figures, it is unlikely that the supply of donor hearts will increase enough to render all transplantation a viable means of combating end-stage heart disease on a macro level. ) Public opinions * Dr. Cooley believed that focusing the public's attention on the technology's future potential would have a positive effect on the field of research as a whole.* However, Cooley had grossly miscalculated in the realm of public opinion * Confronted with the gruesome images of a suffering human patient, society at large began to regard the entire held of artificial heart technology as â€Å"more monstrous than miraculous,† and research efforts in this area were quelled to a substantial degree. Nevertheless, given the state of the economy in the 80’s, and the aversion towards this area of research held by many members of society, the Jarvik team ( a team working on designing a artificial heart) was strapped for much needed funding. * The extremely large amount of media coverage provided to the Clark operation proved to be a double-edged sword for researchers in this area.While the press' love affair with Clark's story initially focused public attention on the amazing potential benefits of heart research, the vivid and disturbing images of Clark's suffering after his operation shifted public opinion squarely in the opposite direction. Commentators who had once championed the efforts of ambitious heart surgeons now openly questioned whether it was appropriate for human physicians to be â€Å"playing God† in this area. If society we re to somehow lose interest in the potential benefits of MCSS technology, then researchers in this area would lose access to the public and private funding that they desperately need in order to ensure continued advancement. * The scientific import of the heart, combined with its cultural significance, renders heart research a particularly sensitive area in which to pursue the betterment of society. Nevertheless, pioneers with the courage to plow forward in this field over the last half century have saved countless lives as a result of their unwavering efforts.One thing, however, remains clear. If society is ever to reap the full rewards offered by MCSS technology, it will have to recalibrate its attitudes regarding the field in a more open-minded direction, one that hinges less on short term success, and more on long-term progress. Heroic patients like Barney Clark have accepted this challenge. Time will tell if society at large is capable of doing the same. There are two main bran ches of heart technology. Partial Artificial hearts: Partial devices supplement patients' natural heart function, assisting those patients whose organs, while somewhat viable, are incapable of functioning adequately on their own Total artificial hearts: ( we should focus on this !! ) * Total artificial hearts (TAH), on the other hand, are devices that actually replace patients' natural hearts. Such devices are designed for situations in which natural organs are so damaged that even supplementation via a partial device isn't enough to produce sufficient circulatory function.Collectively, partial and total artificial heart devices are classified as mechanical circulatory support systems (MCSS). 3 ways these technologies help 1 First, devices can serve asâ€Å"bridges† to transplant, allowing patients' conditions to stabilize while they await the delivery of donorhearts. 2 Second, partial devices can be used, either temporarily or permanently, to allow a patient's natural heart to rest and recover following periods of distress. 3 Finally, TAH devices can potentially serve as permanent replacements for those patients whose natural hearts are too damaged to permit recovery through alternative means.Replacement TAH devices represent the cutting edge of technology in this field. Rules and regulations * Artificial heart technology is subject to FDA regulation under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 (Act†). * The Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (Amendments†) to the Act establish three regula- * tory classes for medical devices, ased on the degree of control necessary to assure that the various types of * devices are safe and e ective. † * Artificial heart devices are considered part of Class III, and are thus subject to the heaviest possible regulation. A Class III device is defied in the Amendments as one that supports or sustains human life or is of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health or presents a potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury. * Class III medical devices may not be marketed by firms until the FDA has approved a pre-market approval (PMA) application under Section 515 of the Act. Dr. Michael E. DeBakey- a prominent surgeon at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston * His research interests led him to form a team whose purpose was to explore the feasibility of building an artificial device that could replace the natural human heart.The history of total artificial hearts 60’s * The development of total artificial heart technology can be traced to the early 1960's. * Indeed, by 1965, * a federal artificial heart program had been created, and its enabling legislation asserted that the program's * The visions of Cooley and Liotta came to fruition on April 4, 1969. That day, Cooley implanted an artificial heart into the chest cavity of 47 year old Haskell Karp of Skokie, Illinois, a printing estimator with a long history of heart related problems. Karp died from an infection and related complications shortly after having the operation* In response to the relative failure of the Karp experiment, stunted for more than a decade. 70’s * by 1971, Dr. DeBakey himself became convinced that existing total artificial heart technology could not overcome the hurdles intrinsic within the human body. DeBakey was primarily concerned with two major problems. * First, scientists had to develop a power source that could be totally implantable, in order to reduce the risk of infection that was created by tethering artificial devices to external sources through skin penetrating pumps. Second, researchers had to discover and refine a non-clotting surface for the parts of the pump that actually came into contact with blood. Otherwise, the associated risk of stroke in patients would remain too high to warrant use of the technology. DeBakey ultimately determined that his time was better spent pursuing alternative avenues of heart research, asser ting â€Å"I decided to stop putting my energies and efforts into a total artificial heart. † 80’s *In the early 1980's a new figure named Dr. Robert Jarvik embarked on the quest for a well-functioning total artificial heart. The Jarvik-7 ( his design of a artificial heart) was a total heart that completely replaced the natural organ within the body's chest cavity * On December 2, 1982, a patient, Barney Clark received a Jarvik-7 implant in Salt Lake City. * Barney Clark was able to survive 112 days with the device however it came with a lot of complications. His blood kept clotting as it went through the heart which caused several strokes. * The artificial heart also had technological malfunctioning * The Jarvik-7 was implanted in a second patient, 53 year-old William Schroeder, at the Humana Heart Institute in Louisville, Kentucky. Schroeder actually survived on the device for 18 months.* Like Clark, however, Schroeder was plagued by multiple strokes, infections, and hemorrhages throughout the course of his treatment. * When asked directly for his opinion about the Jarvik-7, Schroeder made a horrible gesture, like he'd like to kill it or strangle it. * After Schroeder's death, public sentiment against artificial heart research reached alarming levels. * In response, FDA effectively revoked the IDE granted to the Jarvik-7 program. * Most researchers now became convinced, as DeBakey had a decade earlier, that the quest for an effective total rtificial heart was simply a fruitless endeavor. * . As a result of these forces, researchers and surgeons now began to bolster their efforts at finding alternative ways to combat heart disease 90’s * As doctors becamemore adept at using anticoagulant drugs to reduce the risk of stroke associated with these transplants, the success rate of the device continued to improve. * Indeed, since 1993, 147 patients have been supported by Jarvik's original artificial heart, and 88 of these patients ultimately su rvived till their scheduled organ transplantsThe non-pulsatile LVAD * Dr. Richard Wampler, began to develop a non-pulsatile LVAD. Wampler was convinced that the body might not necessarily need a pulse to function effectively. This belief in â€Å"continuous flow† pumps was rooted in his observations of how blood actually functions within the human body. * After 1988. Indeed, over 100 patients who could not utilize standard LVAD systems were saved by this technology. Notes mechanical circulatory support systems (MCSS) Total artificial hearts (TAH) the American Heart AssociationLVAD = left ventricular assist device â€Å"bridge to recovery. â€Å"= using partial artificial hearts you can help the patient stay alive while waiting for a donor. And in some cases an LVAD device can even â€Å"cure† the heart so that it can beat on its own, and does not need a donor. AbioCor Implantable Replacement Heart: This device is a fully implantable prosthetic system, intended as a d estination therapy for patients whose natural hearts are severely damaged due to conditions involving coronary heart disease or some form of congestive end-stage heart failure

Capitalism And Its Impact On Social Human History

Capitalism has been generally criticized from many perspectives throughout its history. Criticism ranges from individuals who completely disagree with the preliminary principles of capitalism to those who disagree with particular cases with outcomes of capitalism. Some propose that capitalism can be transformed or replaced with an alternative method of social organization and means of production. There is a distinct division between those who believe capitalism will eventually collapse and a more effective social system will take place instead (ex: socialism, democracy) and those who believe capitalism can be overthrown with revolution through the focus on the working class. One noteworthy philosopher, who argues from different perspectives on capitalism and its impact on social human history, is Karl Marx. In The German Ideology, Marx contends that the function of ideology is to serve as the framework of a civilization. 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